Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition

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### 28.1.9.1. Initialization Arguments

An initialization argument controls object creation and initialization. It is often convenient to use keyword symbols to name initialization arguments, but the name of an initialization argument can be any symbol, including `nil`. An initialization argument can be used in two ways: to fill a slot with a value or to provide an argument for an initialization method. A single initialization argument can be used for both purposes.

An initialization argument list is a list of alternating initialization argument names and values. Its structure is identical to a property list and also to the portion of an argument list processed for `&key` parameters. As in those lists, if an initialization argument name appears more than once in an initialization argument list, the leftmost occurrence supplies the value and the remaining occurrences are ignored. The arguments to `make-instance` (after the first argument) form an initialization argument list. Error checking of initialization argument names is disabled if the keyword argument pair whose keyword is `:allow-other-keys` and whose value is non-`nil` appears in the initialization argument list.

An initialization argument can be associated with a slot. If the initialization argument has a value in the initialization argument list, the value is stored into the slot of the newly created object, overriding any `:initform` form associated with the slot. A single initialization argument can initialize more than one slot. An initialization argument that initializes a shared slot stores its value into the shared slot, replacing any previous value.

An initialization argument can be associated with a method. When an object is created and a particular initialization argument is supplied, the generic functions `initialize-instance`, `shared-initialize`, and `allocate-instance` are called with that initialization argument's name and value as a keyword argument pair. If a value for the initialization argument is not supplied in the initialization argument list, the method's lambda-list supplies a default value.

Initialization arguments are used in four situations: when making an instance, when re-initializing an instance, when updating an instance to conform to a redefined class, and when updating an instance to conform to the definition of a different class.

Because initialization arguments are used to control the creation and initialization of an instance of some particular class, we say that an initialization argument is ``an initialization argument for'' that class.

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