Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition

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### 28.1.9.4. Rules for Initialization Arguments

The `:initarg` slot option may be specified more than once for a given slot. The following rules specify when initialization arguments may be multiply defined:

- A given initialization argument can be used to initialize more than one slot if the same initialization argument name appears in more than one `:initarg` slot option.

- A given initialization argument name can appear in the lambda-list of more than one initialization method.

- A given initialization argument name can appear both in an `:initarg` slot option and in the lambda-list of an initialization method.

If two or more initialization arguments that initialize the same slot are given in the arguments to `make-instance`, the leftmost of these initialization arguments in the initialization argument list supplies the value, even if the initialization arguments have different names.

If two or more different initialization arguments that initialize the same slot have default values and none is given explicitly in the arguments to `make-instance`, the initialization argument that appears in a `:default-initargs` class option in the most specific of the classes supplies the value. If a single `:default-initargs` class option specifies two or more initialization arguments that initialize the same slot and none is given explicitly in the arguments to `make-instance`, the leftmost argument in the `:default-initargs` class option supplies the value, and the values of the remaining default value forms are ignored.

Initialization arguments given explicitly in the arguments to `make-instance` appear to the left of defaulted initialization arguments. Suppose that the classes and supply the values of defaulted initialization arguments for different slots, and suppose that is more specific than ; then the defaulted initialization argument whose value is supplied by is to the left of the defaulted initialization argument whose value is supplied by in the defaulted initialization argument list. If a single `:default-initargs` class option supplies the values of initialization arguments for two different slots, the initialization argument whose value is specified farther to the left in the `default-initargs` class option appears farther to the left in the defaulted initialization argument list.

If a slot has both an `:initform` form and an `:initarg` slot option, and the initialization argument is defaulted using `:default-initargs` or is supplied to `make-instance`, the captured `:initform` form is neither used nor evaluated.

The following is an example of the preceding rules:

    (defclass q () ((x :initarg a)))

    (defclass r (q) ((x :initarg b))
      (:default-initargs a 1 b 2))

                                    Defaulted Initialization     Contents
    Form                            Argument List                of Slot
    =======================================================================
    (make-instance 'r)              (a 1 b 2)                       1
    (make-instance 'r 'a 3)         (a 3 b 2)                       3
    (make-instance 'r 'b 4)         (b 4 a 1)                       4
    (make-instance 'r 'a 1 'a 2)    (a 1 a 2 b 2)                   1
    =======================================================================

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